{"id":24950,"date":"2023-11-07T09:34:36","date_gmt":"2023-11-07T12:34:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sharkfreeapp.com\/?p=24950"},"modified":"2024-10-10T02:57:23","modified_gmt":"2024-10-10T02:57:23","slug":"como-a-internet-foi-criada","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sharkfreeapp.com\/fr\/como-a-internet-foi-criada\/","title":{"rendered":"Comment Internet a-t-il \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9 ? Suivez l&#039;histoire de cette r\u00e9volution"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Selon une \u00e9tude r\u00e9alis\u00e9e par IDC, environ 41,76 milliards d\u2019appareils \u00e9taient connect\u00e9s \u00e0 Internet dans le monde. Pour vous donner une id\u00e9e de l\u2019ampleur de ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne, la population mondiale est d\u2019environ 8 milliards de personnes ; Il y a cinq fois plus de gadgets connect\u00e9s que d&#039;individus !<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Il n\u2019est pas fou de dire qu\u2019Internet est l\u2019une des plus grandes inventions de l\u2019humanit\u00e9 : gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 lui, la fa\u00e7on dont nous communiquons, travaillons et vivons au quotidien a radicalement chang\u00e9. Avec un smartphone entre les mains, vous avez acc\u00e8s \u00e0 pratiquement toutes les connaissances acquises par les \u00eatres humains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u00eame si vous l\u2019utilisez depuis longtemps, avez-vous d\u00e9j\u00e0 pris le temps de r\u00e9fl\u00e9chir \u00e0 ses origines ? Quand est n\u00e9 Internet ? Qui l\u2019a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce qu\u2019il devienne ce qu\u2019il est aujourd\u2019hui ? Ces questions et bien d\u2019autres trouveront une r\u00e9ponse tout au long du texte. A ne pas manquer !<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"885\" height=\"590\" src=\"http:\/\/sharkfreeapp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2023\/11\/image-24.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-24954\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sharkfreeapp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2023\/11\/image-24.png 885w, https:\/\/sharkfreeapp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2023\/11\/image-24-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/sharkfreeapp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2023\/11\/image-24-768x512.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 885px) 100vw, 885px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Les origines d&#039;Internet (1960 \u2013 1980)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1960, alors que les ordinateurs \u00e9taient encore des appareils \u00e9normes, extr\u00eamement lourds et lents, certains chercheurs \u00e9tudiaient d\u00e9j\u00e0 la possibilit\u00e9 de transporter des donn\u00e9es entre diff\u00e9rentes machines sur de longues distances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les ordinateurs militaires et universitaires exp\u00e9rimentaient d\u00e9j\u00e0 des r\u00e9seaux pour \u00e9changer des informations et cr\u00e9er des collaborations plus agiles sur des projets. Le minist\u00e8re de la D\u00e9fense des \u00c9tats-Unis (DoD) a lanc\u00e9 ARPANET, un r\u00e9seau d\u2019ordinateurs interconnect\u00e9s qui les connectait \u00e0 quatre autres universit\u00e9s nord-am\u00e9ricaines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c0 cette \u00e9poque, on utilisait le protocole TCP\/IP, qui existe encore aujourd\u2019hui. C&#039;est un ensemble de protocoles qui permet la communication entre plusieurs appareils connect\u00e9s au m\u00eame r\u00e9seau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ARPANET a connu un grand succ\u00e8s et a \u00e9tendu sa port\u00e9e \u00e0 d\u2019autres \u00e9tablissements d\u2019enseignement au fil des ann\u00e9es. En 1971, Leonard Kleinrock a envoy\u00e9 le premier e-mail de l&#039;histoire, adress\u00e9 \u00e0 Douglas Engelbart du Stanford Research Institute. Malheureusement, le message \u00ab\u00a0Login\u00a0\u00bb n&#039;a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 envoy\u00e9 compl\u00e8tement en raison d&#039;une erreur\u00a0: seul \u00ab\u00a0Lo\u00a0\u00bb a \u00e9t\u00e9 envoy\u00e9 \u00e0 Engelbart.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Auparavant, seuls les messages directs entre appareils \u00e9taient possibles\u00a0; L\u2019envoi de courriers \u00e9lectroniques rendrait la communication de plus en plus solide et efficace entre les parties. Il est important de souligner cette grande r\u00e9ussite, car elle fait encore aujourd\u2019hui partie des habitudes d\u2019utilisation dans le monde entier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tim Berners-Lee, l\u2019un des \u00ab p\u00e8res d\u2019Internet \u00bb, a publi\u00e9 la premi\u00e8re photo sur le Web. C&#039;\u00e9tait en hommage \u00e0 un groupe satirique connu sous le nom de Les Horribles Cernettes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"885\" height=\"590\" src=\"http:\/\/sharkfreeapp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2023\/11\/image-25.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-24955\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sharkfreeapp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2023\/11\/image-25.png 885w, https:\/\/sharkfreeapp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2023\/11\/image-25-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/sharkfreeapp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2023\/11\/image-25-768x512.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 885px) 100vw, 885px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>D\u00e9veloppement (1980 \u2013 1990)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Dans les ann\u00e9es 1980, le d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019Internet \u00e0 des fins commerciales a commenc\u00e9. \u00c0 partir de ce moment-l\u00e0, ce n\u2019\u00e9tait plus une exclusivit\u00e9 du gouvernement ou des institutions \u00e9ducatives. Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 cette phase, les entreprises de tous types ont pu \u00e9tendre leur influence \u00e0 travers le r\u00e9seau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C&#039;est en 1983 que le DoD a ferm\u00e9 le protocole NCP de l&#039;ARPANET, le rempla\u00e7ant par TCP\/IP. De cette fa\u00e7on, le r\u00e9seau pourrait se connecter \u00e0 d\u2019autres \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle mondiale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C&#039;est gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ces changements importants que d&#039;autres protocoles r\u00e9seau ont \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9s, comme le FTP (File Transfer Protocol). Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 lui, il \u00e9tait possible de partager des fichiers de diff\u00e9rentes tailles entre diff\u00e9rents appareils connect\u00e9s \u00e0 Internet. Bien qu&#039;il soit encore utilis\u00e9 aujourd&#039;hui, le protocole FTP est quelque peu obsol\u00e8te\u00a0; son \u00e9volution, connue sous le nom de SFTP, est mieux adapt\u00e9e \u00e0 la t\u00e2che.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C&#039;est d&#039;ailleurs dans les ann\u00e9es 1980 que Telnet a \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9 : gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 lui, la connexion \u00e0 distance \u00e0 d&#039;autres ordinateurs est devenue possible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Lire aussi : <a href=\"https:\/\/sharkfreeapp.com\/fr\/melhores-apps-e-sites-geradores-de-senhas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Les 4 meilleures applications et sites web de g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de mots de passe \u2013 SharkFreeApp<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Popularisation d&#039;Internet (1990 \u2013 2000)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Il s\u2019agit de la troisi\u00e8me phase du World Wide Web, et l\u2019une des plus importantes : les fournisseurs d\u2019acc\u00e8s ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 offrir le service au grand public. La plupart des connexions \u00e9taient effectu\u00e9es via un modem connect\u00e9 directement \u00e0 la ligne t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les utilisateurs n\u00e9s dans les ann\u00e9es 1980 se souviennent certainement du son caract\u00e9ristique (et inoubliable) des modems lorsqu&#039;ils se connectaient au r\u00e9seau. C&#039;\u00e9tait un bruit souvent assourdissant, qui pouvait d\u00e9ranger les personnes \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 qui avaient le sommeil l\u00e9ger. Mais c&#039;\u00e9tait le meilleur qu&#039;il y avait \u00e0 l&#039;\u00e9poque.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le navigateur Mosaic a \u00e9t\u00e9 lanc\u00e9 en 1993 et a aid\u00e9 de nombreuses personnes \u00e0 naviguer sur Internet plus efficacement et plus confortablement. D\u2019autres navigateurs, tels qu\u2019Internet Explorer et Netscape, ont rapidement suivi. Depuis lors, la concurrence n\u2019a fait qu\u2019augmenter entre les grandes entreprises.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Comme pr\u00e9vu, plusieurs entreprises en ligne ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 appara\u00eetre : eBay, Amazon et Yahoo ne sont que quelques exemples de v\u00e9ritables \u00ab dinosaures \u00bb d\u2019Internet, tels qu\u2019ils prosp\u00e8rent et existent encore aujourd\u2019hui.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"885\" height=\"590\" src=\"http:\/\/sharkfreeapp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2023\/11\/image-26.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-24956\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sharkfreeapp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2023\/11\/image-26.png 885w, https:\/\/sharkfreeapp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2023\/11\/image-26-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/sharkfreeapp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2023\/11\/image-26-768x512.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 885px) 100vw, 885px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>L&#039;Internet tel que nous le connaissons (2000 \u2013 aujourd&#039;hui)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u00e8s la fin des ann\u00e9es 1990, les connexions \u00e0 haut d\u00e9bit ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 appara\u00eetre, mais elles n\u2019\u00e9taient pas encore si courantes. Cependant, c&#039;est \u00e0 partir des ann\u00e9es 2000 que les connexions par c\u00e2ble et par fibre optique ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 se populariser, devenant la norme dans pratiquement tous les sc\u00e9narios.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des connexions de plus en plus rapides et fiables, les entreprises ont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 d\u2019autres solutions num\u00e9riques, comme l\u2019\u00e9volution des r\u00e9seaux sociaux. Oui, \u00e9volution et non cr\u00e9ation, puisque le premier r\u00e9seau social a \u00e9t\u00e9 lanc\u00e9 en 1995 par Randy Conrad : Classmates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>De plus, les plateformes de blogs et de streaming ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 appara\u00eetre en masse, chacune avec des caract\u00e9ristiques sp\u00e9cifiques. Le 14 f\u00e9vrier 2005, YouTube a \u00e9t\u00e9 enregistr\u00e9 par Steve Chen, Chad Hurley et Jawed Karim. Aujourd\u2019hui, des milliards d\u2019acc\u00e8s quotidiens sont enregistr\u00e9s par la plateforme et des centaines de millions de contenus sont accessibles aux utilisateurs partout sur la plan\u00e8te.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En 2004, Facebook a \u00e9t\u00e9 lanc\u00e9 et, apr\u00e8s presque 20 ans d\u2019existence, il continue d\u2019\u00eatre l\u2019un des plus grands r\u00e9seaux sociaux au monde.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Il est impossible de parler de l&#039;\u00e9volution d&#039;Internet sans \u00e9voquer l&#039;\u00e8re des appareils mobiles : bien qu&#039;il ne soit pas un pionnier dans le domaine, Apple a cr\u00e9\u00e9 le premier iPhone en 2007. Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l&#039;\u00e9norme succ\u00e8s commercial de l&#039;appareil, plusieurs autres marques sont entr\u00e9es dans la lutte pour une part de march\u00e9 et, depuis lors, les smartphones sont aussi courants que la respiration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>L&#039;\u00e9volution ne s&#039;arr\u00eate jamais<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u00eame les smartphones les plus basiques sont bien plus puissants que les machines co\u00fbteuses et sophistiqu\u00e9es des ann\u00e9es 1990 et 2000. C\u2019est parce que la popularisation d\u2019Internet a pris une forme tout simplement impressionnante. Apr\u00e8s tout, il y a plus de smartphones que d\u2019habitants humains sur Terre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>De plus en plus rapide, plus s\u00fbr et plus fiable, Internet et tous ses services \u00e9voluent constamment, et vous \u00eates un \u00e9l\u00e9ment important de toute cette histoire. La raison est simple : tout est encore tr\u00e8s \u00ab nouveau \u00bb et le World Wide Web est encore loin d\u2019avoir d\u00e9montr\u00e9 tout son potentiel.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>De acordo com estudo realizado pela IDC, cerca de 41,76 bilh\u00f5es de dispositivos estavam conectados \u00e0 internet em todo o [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":93,"featured_media":24958,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v18.7 (Yoast SEO v23.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Como a internet foi criada? 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